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| Prof. Antal E. Fekete |
The Inteligencia Financiera Global
blog (Global Financial Intelligence
Blog) is pleased to present this exclusive interview with Prof. Antal E.
Fekete, founder of the New Austrian School of Economics, monetary scientist, proponent
of the gold standard and a critic of the monetary system based on irredeemable
currency (fiat money).
Thanks for accepting this interview.
- Prof. Fekete, why did you decide to found the “New”
Austrian School of Economics (NASOE)? Did you find something wrong within the
“old school”? What about Carl Menger and Mises?
- What I have found was that post-Mises Austrian economists, but already
Ludwig von Mises himself, had substantially deviated from Carl Menger’s
teachings for the worse. Thus in my view a rather large portion of the
post-Mises Austrian economists’ research is in error. I took it upon myself to
criticize the deviation from Menger and correct it. The list includes their
dismissal of Adam Smith’s Gold Bills Doctrine, the theory of interest as
distinct from the theory of discount, to name but a few. The New Austrian
School of Economics (NASOE) was launched under the slogan: “Back to Menger!”
- We know you don’t support both the Keynesian and
Monetarist theories. What’s wrong with them? What’s their biggest mistake, if
any?
- The biggest mistake of Keynesianism and Friedman-style monetarism is
that they favor the destabilization of the interest rate structure that was
stable before, but had started gyrating and, more recently, plunging into the
black hole of zero interest. All this was in consequence of Keynes’ and
Friedman’ success in undermining and ultimately overthrowing the gold standard.
- If these two theories are wrong, why do you think
they have become the mainstream all around the world? Were they imposed by
somebody?
- They became mainstream for reasons of their demagoguery. They are
designed to appeal to one’s sense of justice: antidote against misery amongst
plenty. They take advantage of the appallingly low level of education based, as
it is, on envy. It is characterized by an almost complete neglect of the aprioristic branches of science: logic,
mathematics and economics. And I say this as a professional mathematician.
Keynes ensnared F.D. Roosevelt; Friedman ensnared Nixon. These two presidents were
happy to trample upon the United States Constitution at their bidding. As a
consequence the gold standard was destroyed and irredeemable currency was foisted
upon American citizens in 1933 and, on every inhabitant of the Earth in 1971.
At the same time the gold of the people was looted by the government.
- Can authentic capitalism thrive under a fiat
monetary system, which is based on exponentially growing debt?
- Obviously not. Signs that the grand experiment with global
irredeemable currency is an unmitigated failure are all around us.
- Is the so called “Welfare State” legitimate under capitalism
or is it a sort of socialism?
- The Welfare State is a shameless Ponzi scheme whereby costs are kicked
upstairs and charged to future generations. It is a scheme to enslave the
unborn. The fact that the electorate allowed itself to be conned into accepting
it is indicative of the extremely low level of education in the world. It does
not even deserve to be called “education”. A more accurate term would be
“training future serfs”.
By contrast, socialism is not a con scheme. It has been embraced by some
highly intelligent people who allowed their actions to be guided by their
compassion and emotions rather than their intellect and cold reasoning. There
was a saying in Germany during the last decades of the 19th century
that went like this: “If you are in your twenties and not a socialist, then you have no heart. But if you are in your
forties and still a socialist, then
you have no brains.”
- If our fiat monetary system is doomed, should we
return to sound money by using gold and silver coins once more? How could we
have a practical and “renewed” gold standard?
- The transition is simpler than most people think. There is no need to
challenge the authority of the Fed that would be futile anyhow, nor is there
need to wave the red cloth of a gold standard in front of the paper bull. It would
suffice if one jurisdiction, e.g., the UK with its gold sovereign, or
Switzerland with its gold Vrenely (20 Chf. coin), or France with its gold
Napoleon, or Hong Kong with its gold Panda opened its Mint to gold (and
silver).
In more detail, if one jurisdiction guaranteed that the Mint would stay
open for the unlimited coinage of gold and silver through thick and thin, in
particular, if it would mint all the
gold brought to it regardless of quantity, then the problem were largely
solved. Gold mines from all over the world would flock to the Mint and deliver
their output in exchange for gold bills payable in the standard coin in 91 days
(the time it takes to refine the metal and strike the coins). The gold mines in
turn would auction off their gold bills to the highest bidder (to the party offering
the lowest discount from face value). In this way a credible gold discount rate
would be established, that is not rigged by central banks and the banking
establishment.
There is a huge latent demand for these gold bills since for the past
four score of years the world has been forcibly deprived of the possibility of
exchanging cash gold for gold income. The great insurance companies and pension
funds would scramble to get these gold bills as they presently have no good assets
to cover their mounting liabilities. But so would also the great trading houses
financing world trade in food, fuel and fodder, because the petrodollar is
showing fatigue at a highly dangerous level and could collapse under stress any
time. The jockeying of other currencies to step into the shoes of the
petrodollar is in vain. They cannot compete with the gold bill. They can only
engage in petty currency wars.
Likewise, silver producers would draw silver bills on the Mint and
auction them off at the silver discount rate, thus providing alternative
financing for trade in other staple products. This would be tantamount to the
remonetization of silver, that would recapitalize the world economy with its
capital in a shambles. It would be an
incredible reversal of history.
The beauty of the plan is that there is no need to storm and invade the
Fed headquarters on Constitution Avenue to throw the rascals out. The Fed can
go on with its mindless inundation of the world with paper dollars. Once its monopoly
is broken, the decision to choose the currency lies with the people. Let the
people decide whether they want paper money, or whether they want gold coins in
exchange for their goods and services! If Congress is unwilling or unable to
restore the monetary clauses of the Constitution, and if the Executive and
Judiciary Branches fail to do their duty in protecting the country from the
ravages of currency debasement by the Fed usurping unlimited power, then the people
should take the law into their hands. They can do it by coining their gold and
silver at whichever Mint they can.
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| Imagen: Elimparcial.es |
- How probable is that bills backed by gold will start
circulating spontaneously as you suggest? Could it be just as soon as a Mint
is opened to gold somewhere in the
world?
- Fairly high. If it hasn’t happened yet, it is because the countries
unhappy with the petrodollar are jockeying for elevating their currency to the
status a “world reserve currency” to replace it. That’s the plum. The euro was
conceived in sin as it was envious and wanted to take over the turf of the
petrodollar. It did not want genuine
reform. Unknown to most observers, we are in the midst of petty currency wars
to decide the issue of hegemony among the contenders. Whose defaulted promise
will serve the world best? Sooner or later the warring parties will realize
that their efforts are in vain. The gold bill is far superior to any irredeemable
promise, however sugar-coated it may be.
- Silver was demonetized in the 19th
Century and gold 100 years later. Do you think it was a premeditated attack?
Could it be part of a “long term plan” to pave the way to fiat money?
- It took me a long time to find the answer to this question. The silver
standard has fallen victim to a conspiracy of two upstart states: the Union
victorious in the Civil War against the Confederacy, and the newborn German Reich
victorious in the Franco-Prussian war against France. You just have to ask the
question: cui bono? (in whose real interest were these wars waged?) Of
course, conspiracy theories are notoriously hard to prove. But then, they are
just as hard to disprove. The culprit
was a secret consortium of 19th century multinational banking houses
operating with the connivance of the victorious governments. The consortium accepted
the discipline of a gold standard – temporarily. Having successfully
sabotaged the silver standard, it was more than confident that it would in due
course be also successful in sabotaging the gold standard. Lo and behold,
that’s exactly what they did during the intervening 100 years.
- What’s “Money” from a Mengerian point of view?
- Menger defined “money” as the standard coin struck from a monetary
metal. The senior metal is more marketable than any other commodity. This means
that its marginal utility declines at a lower rate than that of any other. In
practical terms, the spread between the asked price and bid price of the most
marketable commodity diminishes more slowly than that of any other commodity as
ever greater quantities are offered for sale in the markets. Like it or hate
it, the most marketable commodity is gold. The junior metal is more marketable
than any other commodity save gold. Like it or hate it, the second most
marketable commodity is silver, even after the unprecedented abuse it was put through
during the 100-year period between 1873 and 1973.
- You know, many people follow only the price of gold and say: “gold is going up
(or down)”. They forget about a more important concept: value. What’s the difference between “price” and “value”? Should
people care more about the “price” or the “value” of monetary metals?
- That’s right, the term “price of gold” is just as meaningless as the “length
of the yardstick”. I am amused no end as
gold bugs play into the hands of their water-torturers. They parrot the media
that “the price of gold has gone up from $1000 to $1300 in no timed at all”,
when they should really say that “the dollar has lost about 23%, or almost one
quarter of its value in no time at all”. In the eyes of people the price of
gold is the same thing as the value of gold (since for all other goods the two
concepts coincide). That’s exactly what the managers of the irredeemable dollar
want people to believe. This puts the catastrophic collapse of the dollar in
the most favorable light. But as a matter of fact the price of gold and the
value of gold are two different things. The value of gold is constant while its
price gyrates, meaning that the value of the dollar gyrates. This fact must be stone-walled
at all hazards. People must be kept in darkness concerning the danger that the
value of the dollar, like the World Trade Center, threatens to collapse and
bury them under the debris at a time when they least expect it.
- Many people including famous academics believe that
the current monetary system with the USD as the “reserve” currency is
sustainable, regardless of the fact that the Fed and all other central banks
are busy printing unlimited amounts of fiat money. Do you agree?
- Of course I don’t. I am not going to question the intellectual honesty
of these gentlemen. Instead I try to rationalize their thinking. They can only
think in terms of linear models, thus completely ignoring the dynamics of the
case. There is a critical point beyond which debasement becomes non-linear, read:
uncontrollable. They deliberately ignore the consequences that follow with the
inevitability of the laws of science.
- On the other hand, many analysts contend that QE
eventually will lead to “hyperinflation”. Do you agree?
- I emphatically disagree. Quite to the contrary, QE (a stupid euphemism
for what should simply be called the monetization of government debt) leads to
deflation through the erosion of capital. The chain of causation is this: QE
means bond purchases, or increasing bond price. But this is no good news to
entrepreneurs. It is very bad news indeed. It means that their capital is being
vaporized. Why? Well, their capital is akin to bonded debt. It must be carried
in the liability column of the balance sheet, not in the asset column. Therefore increasing bond prices force a decrease of capital, not an increase as naïve people think. Erosion
of capital across the board is deflation, not
inflation. The deficit on capital account must
be replaced through the injection of new capital, the same way as the physical
capital of a firm must be replaced after an accidental fire destroyed it. If it
isn’t, then the enterprise will collapse unexpectedly in due course. It is known
as the “sudden death syndrome”.
The bitter end of QE is not hyperinflation. It is depression, decapitalization,
the paralysis of the economy. That’s what was happening in the 1930’s, and
that’s what is happening right now. In the early 1920’s the Fed, quite illegally,
introduced the policy of open market purchases of bonds, as QE was then called.
That was lethal to the struggling economy already softened up as rotting fruit
on the tree, ready to drop off at any moment. I may be in the minority of one,
but I shall doggedly maintain that the
Great Depression was man-made: it was the result of the artificial undermining
of the interest-rate structure through bond purchases of the Fed.
- Is the Quantity Theory of Money false?
- The Quantity Theory of Money is the most destructive pseudo-theory in
the history of science, causing enormous mischief. It is hard to see how
serious scientist could treat it with respect. It may be valid only under the
most restrictive circumstances such as the complete absence of financial and
real estate markets in the economy, when extra money cannot be used for
anything but buying commodities.
- You have stated that gold does not obey the Law of
Supply and Demand. Why?
- Gold is a monetary metal. Its marginal utility for all practical
purposes is constant. When the pathology of the regime of irredeemable currency
becomes manifest, the demand for gold is increasing but will not bring out an
increase in supply. On the contrary, it will lead to a decrease. It’s vintage Gresham: bad money drives out good money.
Gold is the best money we have.
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| Antal E. Fekete |
- The concept of basis first
emerged in the grain futures markets in Chicago in the 19th century.
Of course, at that time there was no
gold futures trading, so there was no question of a gold basis. Gold futures
trading started at the Winnipeg Commodity Exchange in Canada in 1972 (before 1975, when it was still illegal
in the United States to own and trade monetary gold). I went to Winnipeg to
study the gold basis first hand. I think I was the first to introduce the
concept of gold basis in academic discourse.
It took several years before it became clear that the behavior of the gold
basis is very different from that of the wheat basis, for example. It cost the
job of the chief economist of COMEX who could not solve the puzzle. The wheat
basis exhibits a cyclical pattern indicative
of the crop year. The gold basis exhibits a vanishing
pattern indicative of the flight of monetary gold going into hiding. Strictly
on the basis of logic I predicted the coming of gold backwardation.
- What is gold “backwardation” and why is it important
as an indicator of the current financial mess? Can that backwardation become
permanent?
- Backwardation simply means that the basis goes negative. It is a regular feature of
the futures markets in agricultural commodities. It occurs at the end of the
crop year when grain is drawn down in the elevators which are getting ready to
receive the new crop. At that time contango is restored. Contango is the opposite of backwardation; it means that the basis
is positive.
Unlike backwardation in grains, backwardation in gold is highly
anomalous. It is indicative of a great underlying disturbance. The normal state
of the gold futures market is contango.
The definition of gold basis is the difference between the futures price
of gold for nearby delivery and spot price of gold (the price of gold for
delivery on the spot).
My student Sandeep Jaitly, following Menger’s thoughts, introduced a
refinement that turned out to be pregnant and all-important for the theory of
basis, contango and backwardation. In Menger’s world price is never monolithic;
it splits into the higher asked price and
the lower bid price. Actual
transactions take place between the two, and the problem economics is called
upon to solve is how the asked and the bid price are formed. Accordingly,
Sandeep refined the definition of basis
as the difference between the asked
price for delivery in the nearby future and the bid price for delivery on the spot. At the same he introduced the
companion concept of cobasis as the
difference between the bid price for
delivery in the nearby future and the asked
price for delivery on the spot. The basis is the guiding star of the warehouseman when he decides to carry the physical good in preference to
the futures contract (that is, he increases his inventory on a net basis); the
cobasis is his guiding star when he decides to “decarry” the physical good in preference to the futures contract (that
is, he decreases his inventory on a net basis). Thus the theory of futures
market trading is seen as the theory of warehousing (as opposed to Keynes’ badly
misconstrued theory of insurance).
The interplay between the gold basis and gold cobasis turns out to be
all-important. The fact is that, although the gold basis at first is only
nibbling at negative values, as the flight of monetary gold continues unabated
the gold futures market will ultimately plunge into permanent backwardation from which there is no return (just as
there is no return from a black hole
in physics). NASOE does pioneering work in this area and we are very proud of
that. Nobody can predict the actual day when the irredeemable dollar dies, nor
can we at NASOE. But we, unlike others, can make qualitative statements about
the circumstances under which such a scenario will unfold. There is no question
that permanent gold backwardation, when it comes, will herald not just the
death of the irredeemable dollar, but also the reduction of world trade from
multilateral to bilateral, totally insufficient in a complex economy such as
ours.
- Do you think from an academic perspective that the
gold and silver markets are manipulated?
- I don’t think that they are any more manipulated than they have ever
been. All governments in all history have engaged in it. They have always
scrambled to amass as much gold as they possibly can, by hook or crook. Manipulation
of gold even has a name: it is called mercantilism.
It is not a very enlightened policy. A more enlightened policy would be to
encourage gold on the go as opposed
to gold arrested and incarcerated in central bank vaults.
People must feel secure in their possession of gold. This is a
prerequisite of what came to be known as the “golden age” that refers to an
epoch when people are willing and happy to spend the gold coin because they are
confident that they can always get it back on
the same terms. When this confidence is shaken, gold is goes into hiding.
This is true not only under the gold standard, but also under the regime of
irredeemable currency. When gold enjoys high visibility, it is indicative of
good times. When gold takes flight into hoards, good times give way to hard
times.
- Prof. Fekete, as you know, China is currently buying
staggering amounts of gold. Are the Chinese preparing this way for the collapse
of the global monetary system?
- I think it’s prudence. The Chinese civilization is much older than our
own. One of its merits is the high regard it has for the virtue of saving. Our
own civilization failed this test: it has fallen victim to the siren song of
Keynesianism and, later, Friedman-style monetarism, preaching the song of
consumerism at the expense of savings and providence.
It is possible, of course that China, in addition to simply being
prudent and provident is also preparing for the Armageddon of the collapse of
the international monetary system, the danger of which very few people in the
West recognize. Certainly the United States made a colossal blunder in letting China
to take the leadership in promoting gold as a monetary metal. It will pay a
very high price for this stupidity. American universities are hardly equipped
to deal with the coming monetary crisis. They have systematically eliminated
studying gold money from the curriculum. Scribblings of academic sycophants
representing pseudo-science designed to prove that irredeemable currency is the
wave of the future have replaced impartial research. Keynesianism as a
brainwashing scheme is eclipsed only by Lisenkoism in scope. It is not a merit
that Keynesianism did not have to resort to the Gulag and the firing squad in
arguing with its opponents. They knew what their duty was and yielded.
- So, is the U.S. the new falling Roman Empire? Is the
American dollar the new Roman denarius that is being debased into
worthlessness?
- It seems to be the case. The Roman Empire represented the height of
scientific knowledge of its time, yet it succumbed to the temptation of
monetary debasement that was the paramount cause of its downfall. Likewise, the
U.S. represents the height of scientific knowledge of our age, but this did not
protect it against the quackery of Keynesianism and Friedman-style monetarism.
If we escape disaster this time, it will be by the skin of our teeth.
- What can the average person do to protect himself
from this catastrophe?
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| Fekete y Barba |
- Have gold and a plot of land in the countryside to bury it at night
and to grow food when it will no longer be available in the cities.
- You have repeatedly appealed to speculation, its
causes and effects, in this interview as well as in your speeches and other
writings. Could you say a few words about the economic role of speculation in
general?
- Speculation is the Achillean heel of economics.
Speculation is absent in Keynesian, Marxian, Walrasian and Austrian economic
theory – as observed by the Wikipedia article digesting my work. But as Mises
said, there are only two ways human beings can deal with future uncertainty:
engineering and speculation. If I may add, the first is widely recognized, the
second is widely ignored. To make things worse still, speculation is often
confused with gambling, although the difference between the two is quite clear.
Speculation deals with risks created by nature; gambling deals with risks artificially
created by man. In contrast with the former, the latter adds nothing to human
welfare. Mainstream economics purposely obscures the issue in misrepresenting
speculation in bonds and speculation in gold as dealing with risks inherent in
nature. But this is a lie: risks in the gold market as well as risks in the
bond market are man-made, more precisely, made by the government following thoroughly
bad advice from Keynesians and from Friedman-style monetarists. By nature’s
ordination gold is stable and so are interest rates under a gold standard. But
by ordnance of governments gold and bonds have been destabilized, causing
untold damage to the world economy.
-Any parting thoughts?
-
I would like to draw
the attention of your readers to three recent publications of mine that you can
find on my website www.professorfekete.com. They deal with the same questions that we dealt with in this
interview.
Why gold standard? (March 14, 2014)
Memorandum to whom it may concern (March 15, 2014)
-Thank you for your time, Prof. Fekete.
(Thanks to Victor Huerta for his support on preparing this interview)
(Thanks to Victor Huerta for his support on preparing this interview)
